Characteristics | Low | Middle | High | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 30 | 29 | 30 | |
Demographics | ||||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 32.3 ± 4.2 | 34.9 ± 4.9 | 33.7 ± 5.4 | 0.156 |
BMI (kg/m², mean ± SD) | 26.8 ± 3.7 | 26.9 ± 3.1 | 27.4 ± 4.1 | 0.715 |
Education level (n, %) | ||||
University | 24 (80.0) | 25 (86.2) | 23 (76.7) | 0.678 |
High school | 5 (16.7) | 4 (13.8) | 5 (16.7) | 0.998 |
Middle school | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0.245 |
Obstetric history (n, %) | ||||
Primigravida | 13 (43.3) | 8 (27.6) | 10 (33.3) | 0.145 |
Delivery method (n, %) | ||||
Vaginal | 16 (53.3) | 18 (62.1) | 17 (56.7) | 0.823 |
Cesarean | 14 (46.7) | 11 (37.9) | 13 (43.3) | 0.754 |
Pregnancy complications (n, %) | ||||
Gestational diabetes | 3 (10.0) | 9 (31.0) | 7 (23.3) | 0.136 |
Gestational hypertension | 2 (6.7) | 1 (3.4) | 3 (10.0) | 0.868 |
Pre-eclampsia | 1 (3.3) | 5 (17.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.015 |
Uterine fibroids | 6 (20.0) | 7 (24.1) | 6 (20.0) | 0.905 |
Medical conditions (n, %) | ||||
Thrombophilia | 10 (33.3) | 8 (27.6) | 8 (26.7) | 0.828 |
Thyroid diseases | 2 (6.7) | 5 (17.2) | 3 (10.0) | 0.423 |
Assisted reproduction | 1 (3.3) | 5 (17.2) | 5 (16.7) | 0.182 |
Pregnancy outcome (n, %) | ||||
Abnormal pregnancy | 8 (26.7) | 13 (44.8) | 22 (73.3) | 0.001 |